The Parenting Gap.

According to this paper, the parenting gap is a big factor in the opportunity gap. The chances of upward social mobility are lower for children with parents struggling to do a good job -- in terms of creating a supportive and stimulating home environment. Children lucky enough to have strong parents are more likely to succeed at all the critical life stages, which means policies to help weaker parents do a better job can be investments in opportunity, and equality. Key findings indicate: 1) The quality of U.S. parenting, as measured on the HOME scale, strongly varies by income, family structure, race, and education; 2) Children of the strongest parents are more likely to succeed at each stage of their lives than children of the weakest parents; 3) Improving the parenting quality of the weakest parents to that of average parents would result in 9 percent more of their children graduating from high school, 6 percent fewer having a child by 19, and 3 percent fewer having a criminal conviction by 19; 4) Strengthening parents' emotional support skills could improve teen pregnancy and criminal conviction outcomes while strengthening parents' cognitive stimulation skills could improve high school graduation and GPA; 5) Implementation of evidence-based parenting programs, such as HIPPY, could have meaningful effects for individuals and society; and 6) Current U.S. policy is slanted toward supplementing the efforts of parents, with programs such as Head Start, rather than building the skills of parents themselves. (Author abstract modified)